Executive Summary.

Chapter 1. Introduction.

Chapter 2. Phytoremediation Technologies and Applications.

Applications for Soil Remediation

Phytoextraction
Phytostabilization
Stimulation of Rhizosphere Bioremediation (Phytostimulation)
Phytovolatilization
Phytotransformation (Phytodegradation)

Applications for Water Treatment or Control

Rhizofiltration
Hydraulic Barriers for Containment of Groundwater Migration
Vegetative Caps for Containment of Landfill Leachate
Constructed Wetlands (Reed Beds)

Plants Used in Phytoremediation

Natural Metal Hyperaccumulators
Stimulators of Rhizosphere Biodegradation
Trees
Plants and Trees with Biodegradative Capabilities
Halophytic (Salt-Loving) Plants
Wetland Species, Commodity Crops, and Other Plants

Substances Amenable to Phytoremediation

Chapter 3. Structure of the Phytoremediation Industry.

Overview

Dedicated Phytoremediation Companies

Applied Natural Sciences
EarthCare, Inc.
Ecolotree, Inc.
Phtyokinetics, Inc.
Phytotech, Inc.
PhytoWorks, Inc.
Verdant Technologies, Inc.

Diversifying Specialty Companies

Phytoremediation Companies Outside the U.S.

Market Barriers and Corporate Strategies for Small Phytoremediation Companies

Competition from Alternative Technologies
Competition from Larger Companies
Economic Difficulties in Conducting R&D
Corporate Strategies and Outlook for Commercial Success of Small Phytoremediation Companies

Diversified Consulting/Engineering Companies

ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller
Beak Consultants
CH2M HILL
MSE Technology Applications, Inc.
Thomas Consultants, Inc.
Other Consulting/Engineering Firms

Corporate Strategies for Consulting/Engineering Companies

Industrial Companies

Individual Company Research Activities
Industry Research Consortia

Suppliers of Nutrients, Soil Amendments and Related Products

Universities, Nonprofit Labs and the Government

Academic Research Groups
U.S. Government Activities and Research Groups

Government Activities Outside the United States

Company Contact Information

Chapter 4. Summary of Phytoremediation Projects and Demonstrations.

Pathways to Field Implementation of Phytoremediation

EPA SITE Demonstrations

Wood Treatment Site (Portland, OR)
Petroleum Spill in Soil and Groundwater (Ogden, UT)
TCE-Contaminated Groundwater (Military Base, Fort Worth, TX)
Metal Contaminated Soil (Metal Plating Facility, Findlay, OH)

Department of Defense-Supported Projects

Explosives-Contaminated Groundwater (Iowa Army Ammunition Plant)
Explosives-Contaminated Groundwater (Milan Army Ammunition Plant, Milan TN)
Explosives-Contaminated Groundwater (Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant, Chattanooga, TN)
Groundwater Contaminated with Chlorinated Solvents (Aberdeen Proving Grounds)

Department of Energy-Supported Projects

Biomass Remediation System Projects
Other DOE Projects

Other Demonstration, Pilot and Commercial Projects

Leachate Containment at Municipal Landfills and Solid Waste Facilities
Treatment of Lead-Contaminated Soils using Brassica juncea
Removal of TCE Contaminated Groundwater Using Hybrid Poplars

Phytoremediation Projects Outside the United States

Chapter 5. Factors Affecting Phytoremediation's Potential Market Growth.

Phytoremediation's Strengths and Weaknesses

General Advantages of Phytoremediation
General Disadvantages of Phytoremediation
Intangible Factors

Barriers to Success of Innovative Technologies and their Impact on Phytoremediation

Barriers to Acceptance in the Marketplace
Regulatory Barriers
Barriers and Opportunities for Proving and Improving Phytoremediation's Efficacy

Prospects for Phytoremediation's Growth in the Present Market Climate

Chapter 6. Phytoremediation's Market Potential.

Sizes of Market Sectors Potentially Available to Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation Market Sectors

Hazardous Waste Remediation Market
Radioisotope Remediation Market
Wastewater Treatment Market
Market for Containment of Landfill Leachate and Runoff
International Markets for Phytoremediation

Current and Projected Phytoremediation Markets by Sector

Remediation of Organics from Groundwater
Remediation of Organics from Soils
Remediation of Metals from Soils
Treatment of Metals in Groundwater, Wastewater and Acid Mine Drainage
Remediation of Radionuclides (all media)
Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
Treatment or Control of Landfill Leachate
Overall Market Estimates

Prospects for International Phytoremediation Markets

Chapter 7. Glossary.

Chapter 8. Useful Phytoremediation Sites on the Worldwide Web.

Chapter 9. References.

List of Tables.

Table 1. Applications of Phytoremediation.
Table 2. Substances Amenable to Phytoremediation.
Table 3. Dedicated Phytoremediation Companies and Diversifying Specialty Firms.
Table 4. Ecolotree, Inc. Representative Phytoremediation Projects.
Table 5. Phytokinetics, Inc. Groundwater Phytoremediation Projects Using Deep-Rooted Trees.
Table 6. Phytokinetics, Inc. Surface Soil Phytoremediation Greenhouse and Field Projects.
Table 7. Diversified Consulting/Engineering Companies Pursuing Phytoremediation.
Table 8. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Phytoremediation Projects.
Table 9. CH2M HILL Phytoremediation Projects.
Table 10. Industrial Companies Active in Phytoremediation Research.
Table 11. Academic and Non-Profit Organizations Researching Phytoremediation.
Table 12. Selected Phytoremediation Projects in Soils.
Table 13. Selected Phytoremediation Projects in Groundwater and Other Aqueous Wastestreams.
Table 14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Phytoremediation.
Table 15. Cost Estimates of Phytoremediation.
Table 16. Strategies to Improve Phytoremediation.
Table 17. Strategies to Improve Phytoremediation using Genetic Engineering.
Table 18. Summary of Potential U.S. Markets for Phytoremediation.
Table 19. Estimated World Remediation Markets, 1997-2002.
Table 20. Cost Comparisons for Remediation of Organics in Groundwater.
Table 21. Strengths and Limitations of Phytoremediation for Organics in Groundwater.
Table 22. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Organics in Groundwater.
Table 23. Strengths and Limitations of Phytoremediation for Organics in Soil.
Table 24. Cost Comparisons for Remediation of Organics in Soils.
Table 25. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Organics in Soil.
Table 26. Cost Comparisons for Remediation of Metals in Soils.
Table 27. Strengths and Limitations of Phytoremediation for Metals in Soils.
Table 28. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Metals in Soil.
Table 29. Cost Comparisons for Remediation of Metals in Water.
Table 30. Strengths and Limitations of Phytoremediation for Metals in Water.
Table 31. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Metals in Water.
Table 32. Strengths and Limitations of Phytoremediation for Radionuclides.
Table 33. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Remediation of Radionuclides.
Table 34. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Treatment of Organics in Municipal and Industrial Wastewater.
Table 35. U.S. Phytoremediation Market Share for Control of Landfill Leachate.
Table 36. Estimated United States Phytoremediation Markets, 1998-2005.

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